Status and trend of ground-level ozone at the CONECOFOR plots, 1996 - 2005
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12899/asr-906Keywords:
Ozone, passive sampler, long-term monitoring, temporal trends.Abstract
Ozone measurements are performed since 1996 at the Permanent Monitoring Plots (PMPs) of the National Integrated Programme for Forest Ecosystem Monitoring (CONECOFOR). Weekly ozone concentrations are determined by passive samplers during spring and summer months, over a time period of 10 yrs. We analyzed data collected over a time period of ten years. Ozone shows potentially phytotoxic concentrations especially at the plots located in the central and Southern regions. Although monitoring periods at the different plots are not homogeneous, statistically significant differences between yearly concentrations of subsequent years were observed, highlighting a considerable temporal variability of ozone pollution levels. Trend analysis performed on ten years data series points out an increase of ozone concentrations over the considered time period at seven plots, all located in central and Southern Italy. The same analysis performed on data collected during the vegetative period (April - September) at the different PMPs from 2001 to 2005 shows significant positive trends at 5 plots, three of them located in the Alpine region, and 2 in Southern Italy.
References
Allavena S., Petriccione B., Pompei E. 2000 - The CONECOFOR Programme. In: Ferretti (Ed.). Integrated and Combined (I&C) Evaluation of Intensive Monitoring of Forest Ecosystems in Italy. Concepts, Methods and First Results. Annali Ist. Sper. Selv. Special Issue, Arezzo (1999), vol. 30: 17-31.
Amoriello T., Spinazzi F., Gerosa G., Costantini A., Buffoni A., Ferretti M. 2003 - Ozone levels and metereological variables at the permanent monitoring plots of the CONECOFOR programme in Italy. In: Ferretti, M., Fabbio, G., Bussotti, F. and Petriccione, B. (Eds). Ozone and Forest Ecosystems in Italy. Annali Ist. Sper. Selv. Special Issue, Arezzo (1999), vol. 30: 41-52.
Anfossi D., Sandroni S., Viarengo S. 1991 - Tropospheric ozone in the nineteenth century: The Moncalieri series. Geophys.Res., 96: 17.349-17.352.
Anfossi D., Sandroni S. 1994 - Surface ozone at mid latitudes in the past century. Il Nuovo Cimento, 2: 199-208.
Buffoni A., Tita M. 2003 - Ozone measurements by passive sampling at the permanent plots of the CONECOFOR programme. In: Ferretti, Bussotti, Fabbio, Petriccione (Eds.). Ozone and Forest Ecosystems In Italy. Second report of the Task Force on Integrated and Combined (I&C) evaluation of the CONECOFOR programme. Annali Ist. Sper. Selvic. Special Issue, Arezzo (1999), vol. 30: 29-39.
Coyle M., Fowler D., Ashmore M. 2003 - New Directions: Implications of increasing tropospheric background ozone concentrations for vegetation. Atmos. Environ., 37: 153-154.
Beilke S., Wallasch M. 2000 - Die Ozonbelastung in Deutschland seit 1990 und Prognose der zukünftigen Entwicklung. Immissionsschutz, 5: 149-155.
Bernard N.L., Gerber M.J, Astre C.M., Saintot M.J. 1999 – Ozone Measurement with Passive Samplers: Validation and Use for Ozone Pollution. Assessment in Montpellier, France Environ. Sci. Technol., 33: 217-222.
Derwent R.G., Jenkin M.E., Saunders S.M., Pilling M.J., Simmonds P.G., Passant N.R., Dollard G.J., Dumitrean P., Kent A. 2003 - Photochemical ozone formation in north west Europe and its control, Atmos. Environ., 37: 1983-1991.
Derwent R.G., Simmonds P.G., O'Doherty S., Stevenson D.S., Collins W.J., Sanderson M.G., Johnson C.E., Dentener F., Cofa la J., Mechler R., Amann M. 2006 - External influences on Europe's air quality: Baseline methane, carbon monoxide and ozone from 1990 to 2030 at Mace Head, Ireland. Atmos. Environ., 40: 844-855.
EEA (European Environmental Agency) 2006 - Air pollution by ozone in Europe in summer 2005. EEA Technical report n. 3/2006, 30 p.
Beck P., Krzyzanowski M., Koffi B. 1998 - Tropospheric Ozone in EU, 1998. The consolidated report. EEA (European Environmental Agency). Topic report n. 8/1998. URL: http://reports.eea.europa.eu/TOP08-98/en
Fuhrer J., L. Skarby, Ashmore M.R. 1997 - Critical levels for ozone effects on vegetation in Europe. Environ.. Pollut., 1: 91-106.
Gerosa G., Mazzali C., Ballarin-Denti A. 2001 - Techniques of Ozone Monitoring in a Mountain Forest Region: Passive and Continuous Sampling, Vertical and Canopy Profiles. The Scientific World: 612-626.
Kellerova D., Rastislav J. 2006 - Air temperature and ground level ozone. Concentrations in submountain beech forest western Carpathians, Slovakia. Pol. J. Ecol., 3: 505-509.
Lisac I., Grubisic V. 1999 - An analysis of surface ozone data measured at the end of the 19th century in Zagreb, Yugoslavia. Atmos. Environ., 2: 481-486.
Gerboles M., Buzica D., Amantini L., Lagler F. 2006 – Laboratory and field comparison of measurements obtained using the available diffusive samplers for ozone and nitrogen dioxide in ambient air. Environ. Monit., 8: 112-119.
Jonson J. R., Simpson D., Fagerli H., Solberg S. 2006 - Can we explain the trends in European ozone levels?. Atmos. Chem. and Physics., 6: 51-66.
Gilbert R.O. 1987 - Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution Monitoring. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY, 320 p.
Hangartner M., Kirchner M., Werner H. 1996 - Evaluation of passive methods for measuring ozone in the European Alps. Analyst, 121: 1269-1272.
Mann H. B., Whitney D. R. 1947 - On a test of whether one of 2 random variables is stochastically larger than the other. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 18: 50-60.
Marenco A., Gouget H., Nedelec P., Pages J. P., Karcher F. 1994 - Evidence for long term tropospheric ozone increase from Pic Du Midi series - consequences: positive radiative forcing. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99: 16.617-16.632.
Monks P., Richard A., Dentener F., Jonson J., Lindskog A., Roemer M., Schuepbach E., Friedli T., Solberg S. 2003 – Tropospheric ozone and precursors, trends budgets and policy. TROTREP synthesis and integration report. URL: http://atmos.chem.le.ac.uk/trotrep.
NEGTAP (National Expert Group on Transboundary Air Pollution) 2001 - Transboundary air pollution: acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone in the UK. Edinburgh, National Expert Group on Transboundary Air Pollution. URL: http://www.nbu.ac.uk/negtap/
Pavelin E.G., Johnson C. E., Rughooputh S. 1999 - Evaluation of pre-industrial surface ozone measurements made using Schönbein's method. Atmos. Environ., 33: 919-929.
Petriccione B., Pompei E. 2002 - The CONECOFOR Programme: general presentation, aims and co-ordination. In: Mosello, R., Petriccione B., Marchetto A. (Eds), Long-term ecological research in Italian forest ecosystems. J. Limnol., 61 (Suppl. 1): 3-11.
Roemer M. 2001 - Trends of ozone and related precursors in Europe. Status report, TOR-2, Task group 1, TNO-report n. R-2001/244.
Salmi T., Maatta A., Anttila P., Ruoho-Airola T., Amnell T. 2002 - Detecting trends of annual values of atmospheric pollutants by the Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimates – The Excel template application MAKESENS. Publications on Air Quality n. 31 Report Code FMI-AQ - 31. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 35 p.
Sandroni S., Anfossi D., Viarengo S. 1992 - Surface ozone levels at the end of the nineteenth century in South America. J. Geophys. Res., 97: 2535-2540.
Sandroni S., Anfossi D. 1994 - Historical data of surface ozone at tropical latitudes. The Science of the Total Environment, 148: 23-29.
Sen P.K. 1968 - On a class of aligned rank order tests in two-way layouts. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 39: 1115-1124.
Scheel H.E. Sladkovic R., Kanter H.J. 1999 - Ozone variations at the Zugspitze during 1996-1997. In: (Borell P.M. Ed.) Proceedings: EUROTRAC symposium 98: 264-268.
Sicard P., Coddeville P., S. Sauvag e J.c., Galloo J.C. 2006 – Annual and seasonal trends surface ozone background levels at rural French monitoring stations over the 1995-2003 period. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 8: 544.
Sirois A. 1998 - A brief and biased overview of time series analysis or how to find that evasive trend. In: WMO/EMEP workshop on Advanced Statistical methods and their Application to Air Quality Date sets Helsinki, 14-18 September. WMO, Global Atmosphere Watch n. 133.
Staehelin J., Renaud A., Bader J.,. Mcpeters R, Viatte P., Hoegger B., Bugnion V., Giroud M., Schill H. 1998 - Total ozone series at Arosa (Switzerland): Homogenization and data comparison. J. Geophys. Res., 103: 5827-5841.
TOR-2 2003 - Tropospheric ozone research, EUROTRAC-2 subproject final report, ISS GSF. National Research Center for Environment and Health, Munich, Germany, 20 p.
UN-ECE 2000 - Manual on methods and criteria for harmonized sampling, assessment , monitoring and analysis of the effects of air pollution on forests. Part X - “Monitoring of Air Quality”, 41 p.
Vestreng V., Adams M., Goodwin J. 2004 - Inventory review 2004: Emission data reported to CLRTAP and under the NEC directive. EMEP/MSC-W status report 1/04, The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway, 2004.
Vingarzan R., Taylor B. 2003 - Trend analysis of ground level ozone in the greater Vancouver/Fraser Valley area of British Columbia. Atmospheric Environment, 37: 2159-2171.
Welch B.L. 1947 - The Generalization of Student’t. Problems when several different population variances are Involved. Biometrika, vol. XXXIV: 28-35.
Werner H. 1991 - Methodische Details fur das Ozonmonitoring mit Indigopapieren - II Workshop zum Thema Integrale Messmethoden, Salzburg: 55 p.
Werner H. 1992 - Das Indigopapier. Sensitives Element zum Aufbau von Passivsammlern zur Messung von Ozonimmissionen. Forstl. Forschungsberichte, Munchen. Schriftenreihe der forstwissenschatlichen Fakultat der Universitat Munchen und der Bayer. Forstlichen Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt, 122: 145 p.
Werner H., Kirchner M., Welzl G., Hangartner M. 1999 – Ozone measurements along vertical transects in the Alps. Environ. Sci. & Pollut. Res., 6: 83-87.
Volz A., Kley D. 1988 - Evaluation of the Montsouris series of ozone measurements made in the nineteenth century. Nature, 332: 240-242.
Downloads
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
